From IZA

The labor market in Japan, 2000–2018
Despite a plummeting working-age population, Japan has sustained its labor force size because of surging employment among women

KAWAGUCHI Daiji
University of Tokyo and IZA

MORI Hiroaki
Senshu University

Elevator pitch

As the third-largest economy in the world and a precursor of global trends in population aging, Japan's recent experiences provide important lessons regarding how demographic shifts affect the labor market and individuals' economic well-being. On the whole, the labor market showed a remarkable stability during the financial crisis, despite decades of economic stagnation and sluggish real wage growth. Rapid population aging, however, has brought substantial changes to individuals in the labor market, most notably women, by augmenting labor demand in the healthcare services industry.

Aggregate unemployment rate and real hourly wages

Key findings

Pros
  • Japan's aggregate unemployment rate has been relatively stable and low.
  • Women's employment is increasing quickly, while the employment rate among men remains high.
  • Japan's gender wage gap is shrinking.
  • Average real wages have been growing recently, most notably among women.
  • The magnitude of wage inequality in Japan remains relatively small.
Cons
  • Japan's working-age population has been declining rapidly.
  • Rising employment among women in Japan coincides with a decline in the marriage rate, which may further accelerate population decline.
  • Japan's gender wage gap remains substantial.
  • Wage inequality among men in Japan has increased at the upper end of the wage distribution.
  • Job stability in Japan has declined as jobs with fixed-term contracts have become more prevalent.

Author's main message

Japan used to be known for having relatively low labor force attachment among women. In the early 2000s, however, the employment rate for women began to surge, reflecting rapid population aging and growing labor demand in the healthcare services industry. Moreover, aggregate labor market outcomes remained steady during the last recession, with a relatively high labor force participation rate and a low unemployment rate. Despite the good news, major difficulties remain in the labor market, including a substantial gender wage gap, declining job stability, rising inequality at the upper end of the wage distribution, and falling real wages among young male workers.

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This article first appeared on IZA World of Labor in July 2019. Reproduced with permission

August 23, 2019