Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted in various countries to evaluate the effects of general health checkups. According to systematic reviews that synthesize these studies, there is no clear evidence that health checkups extend life expectancy or reduce the incidence of serious diseases. However, a recent large-scale RCT suggests the possibility of positive effects.
In Japan, the effects of health guidance provided as part of the specific health checkup scheme have been evaluated using regression discontinuity design (RDD). While these interventions appear to have modest effects in reducing body weight and waist circumference, their clinical significance remains debatable.
The overall effectiveness of routine health checkups and specific health checkup in Japan is not well understood. It is desirable to incorporate designs that allow the application of RCTs in order to rigorously evaluate their impacts.
