依据结构推定的通勤负效应评估

This study measures the disutility of long-distance commuting by structurally estimating a gravity model of inter-municipal commuting flows in Japan. Structural estimation based on the random utility model allows for the quantification of the extent to which workers incur disutility from commuting. Counterfactual results clarify that commuting disutility differs significantly across male and female workers at each stage of their lives even if they commute the same distance.